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Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), also called
venereal diseases, are caused by germs that travel from person to
person through sexual contact. Common STDs include syphilis, chlamydia,
genital herpes, gonorrhea, and AIDS. Because the germs that cause STDs
die quickly outside the human body, these sicknesses are not spread
through coughing, sneezing, or contact with infected objects such as
toilet seats or eating utensils. Most STDs, however, can be
transmitted from an infected pregnant woman to her baby, often causing
serious and life-threatening complications for the infant. Some viral
diseases, including AIDS and hepatitis B, are spread through direct
exposure to infected blood and can be transmitted through sexual
contact or through nonsexual means such as the sharing of needles for
drug use.
Sexually transmitted diseases have become a serious
health problem in the United States. The Institute of Medicine, an arm
of the National Academy of Sciences, asserts that STDs are prevalent
and constitute a "hidden epidemic" because of the reluctance of
Americans to "address sexual health issues in an open way." With
twelve million new cases a year, America has one of the highest rates
of STD infection in the industrialized world. STDs (including AIDS)
cost the United States an estimated $17 billion in health care costs
each year.
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Chlamydia, a bacterial infection, is the
most common sexually transmitted disease in the United States, affecting
at least four million Americans annually. It is one of several STDs that
can cause pelvic inflammatory disease—the inflammation of a woman's
reproductive tract, which if left untreated can lead to infertility and
death. The effects of other STDs vary. Genital herpes can create
blistering and discomfort. The human papillomavirus (HPV) may cause
cervical cancer. AIDS can fatally impair the body's immune system.
Young people are
especially at risk for many sexually transmitted diseases. Teenagers
account for three million cases of STDs annually. One out of every four
sexually active teenagers acquires a new STD each year. One-quarter of new
infections of HIV (the virus that causes AIDS) are found in people under
twenty-two. Young women are at greater risk than older women for
reproductive and health complications caused by STDs. The medical options
for the treatment and prevention of sexually transmitted diseases are
somewhat limited.
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